Overview
In the euro area the government deficit to GDP ratio declined from 3.7% in 2022 to 3.6% in 2023, and in the EU it increased from 3.4% to 3.5%. In the euro area the government debt to GDP ratio decreased from 90.8% at the end of 2022 to 88.6% at the end of 2023, and in the EU from 83.4% to 81.7%.
In this release, Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, is providing government deficit and debt data for the years 2020-2023, based on figures reported by EU Member States in the first notification in 2024, for the application of the excessive deficit procedure (EDP). This notification is based on the ESA 2010 system of national accounts. This release also includes data on government expenditure and revenue.
Deficit and debt data for Euro area and EU | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | ||
Euro area | |||||
GDP market prices (mp) | (million euro) | 11 517 404 | 12 474 998 | 13 507 777 | 14 376 500 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -807 968 | -653 227 | -494 407 | -516 257 |
% of GDP | -7.0 | -5.2 | -3.7 | -3.6 | |
Government expenditure | % of GDP | 53.5 | 52.3 | 50.6 | 50.0 |
Government revenue | % of GDP | 46.5 | 47.1 | 47.0 | 46.4 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 11 195 998 | 11 821 032 | 12 268 150 | 12 732 445 |
% of GDP | 97.2 | 94.8 | 90.8 | 88.6 | |
EU | |||||
GDP market prices (mp) | (million euro) | 13 471 284 | 14 639 978 | 15 921 122 | 16 970 312 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -902 648 | -693 145 | -537 365 | -593 986 |
% of GDP | -6.7 | -4.7 | -3.4 | -3.5 | |
Government expenditure | % of GDP | 52.9 | 51.4 | 49.7 | 49.4 |
Government revenue | % of GDP | 46.2 | 46.7 | 46.3 | 45.9 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 12 127 760 | 12 799 268 | 13 282 868 | 13 862 584 |
% of GDP | 90.0 | 87.4 | 83.4 | 81.7 | |
| |||||
In 2023, all Member States, except Cyprus and Denmark (both +3.1%), Ireland (+1.7%) and Portugal (+1.2%), reported a deficit. The highest deficits were recorded in Italy (‑7.4%), Hungary (-6.7%) and Romania (‑6.6%). Eleven Member States had deficits higher than 3% of GDP.
At the end of 2023, the lowest ratios of government debt to GDP were recorded in Estonia (19.6%), Bulgaria (23.1%), Luxembourg (25.7%), Denmark (29.3%), Sweden (31.2%) and Lithuania (38.3%). Thirteen Member States had government debt ratios higher than 60% of GDP, with the highest registered in Greece (161.9%), Italy (137.3%), France (110.6%), Spain (107.7%) and Belgium (105.2%).
In 2023, government expenditure in the euro area was equivalent to 50.0% of GDP and government revenue to 46.4%. The figures for the EU were 49.4% and 45.9%, respectively. Government revenue and expenditure ratios decreased both in the euro area and the EU, compared to 2022.
Reservations on reported data
Eurostat has no reservations on the data reported by Member States.
Amendment by Eurostat to reported data
Eurostat has made no amendments to the data reported by Member States.
Tables
GDP, government deficit/surplus and debt in the EU (in national currencies) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | ||
Belgium | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 460 535 | 508 061 | 554 214 | 584 699 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -41 317 | -27 455 | -19 782 | -25 965 |
(% of GDP) | -9.0 | -5.4 | -3.6 | -4.4 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 58.9 | 54.9 | 53.3 | 54.6 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 49.9 | 49.5 | 49.7 | 50.1 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 515 219 | 548 378 | 577 943 | 614 933 |
(% of GDP) | 111.9 | 107.9 | 104.3 | 105.2 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 8 444 | 8 367 | 8 154 | 7 894 |
(% of GDP) | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | |
Bulgaria | |||||
GDP mp | (million BGN) | 120 492 | 138 979 | 167 809 | 183 743 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million BGN) | -4 590 | -5 474 | -4 863 | -3 454 |
(% of GDP) | -3.8 | -3.9 | -2.9 | -1.9 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 41.5 | 41.6 | 41.4 | 39.8 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 37.7 | 37.7 | 38.5 | 37.9 |
Government debt | (million BGN) | 29 595 | 33 275 | 37 851 | 42 383 |
(% of GDP) | 24.6 | 23.9 | 22.6 | 23.1 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million BGN) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Czechia | |||||
GDP mp | (million CZK) | 5 709 131 | 6 108 717 | 6 786 742 | 7 344 421 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million CZK) | -329 216 | -312 329 | -215 355 | -268 401 |
(% of GDP) | -5.8 | -5.1 | -3.2 | -3.7 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 47.2 | 46.5 | 44.6 | 45.4 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.5 | 41.4 | 41.4 | 41.7 |
Government debt | (million CZK) | 2 149 822 | 2 566 731 | 2 997 615 | 3 228 369 |
(% of GDP) | 37.7 | 42.0 | 44.2 | 44.0 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million CZK) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Denmark | |||||
GDP mp | (million DKK) | 2 320 912 | 2 550 606 | 2 831 644 | 2 784 809 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million DKK) | 7 550 | 103 473 | 94 647 | 87 124 |
(% of GDP) | 0.3 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 3.1 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | (:)1 | 49.8 | 45.0 | 47.2 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 53.9 | 53.9 | 48.3 | 50.3 |
Government debt | (million DKK) | 981 155 | 918 686 | 844 683 | 816 221 |
(% of GDP) | 42.3 | 36.0 | 29.8 | 29.3 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million DKK) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Germany | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 3 403 730 | 3 617 450 | 3 876 810 | 4 121 160 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -147 698 | -129 741 | -96 910 | -101 573 |
(% of GDP) | -4.3 | -3.6 | -2.5 | -2.5 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 50.5 | 50.9 | 49.5 | 48.6 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 46.1 | 47.3 | 47.0 | 46.1 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 2 340 849 | 2 495 538 | 2 561 674 | 2 622 669 |
(% of GDP) | 68.8 | 69.0 | 66.1 | 63.6 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 65 784 | 65 191 | 63 672 | 62 147 |
(% of GDP) | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | |
Estonia | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 27 430 | 31 169 | 36 011 | 37 682 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 490 | -767 | -349 | -1 279 |
(% of GDP) | -5.4 | -2.5 | -1.0 | -3.4 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 44.9 | 41.9 | 39.8 | 43.5 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.4 | 39.4 | 38.8 | 40.1 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 5 094 | 5 534 | 6 657 | 7 375 |
(% of GDP) | 18.6 | 17.8 | 18.5 | 19.6 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 452 | 452 | 452 | 447 |
(% of GDP) | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | |
Ireland | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 375 250 | 434 070 | 506 282 | 504 620 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -18 704 | -6 565 | 8 635 | 8 328 |
(% of GDP) | -5.0 | -1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 27.2 | 24.4 | 21.2 | 22.9 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 22.2 | 22.9 | 22.9 | 24.5 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 217 885 | 236 127 | 224 748 | 220 672 |
(% of GDP) | 58.1 | 54.4 | 44.4 | 43.7 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 336 | 318 | 284 | 249 |
(% of GDP) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
Greece | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 165 016 | 181 500 | 206 620 | 220 303 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -16 128 | -12 676 | -5 143 | -3 508 |
(% of GDP) | -9.8 | -7.0 | -2.5 | -1.6 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 60.2 | 57.7 | 53.1 | 50.5 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 50.4 | 50.7 | 50.6 | 48.9 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 341 588 | 353 910 | 356 796 | 356 695 |
(% of GDP) | 207.0 | 195.0 | 172.7 | 161.9 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Spain | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 1 119 010 | 1 222 290 | 1 346 377 | 1 461 889 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -113 199 | -82 262 | -63 736 | -53 159 |
(% of GDP) | -10.1 | -6.7 | -4.7 | -3.6 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 51.9 | 50.0 | 47.4 | 46.4 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.8 | 43.3 | 42.6 | 42.8 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 1 345 786 | 1 428 133 | 1 502 799 | 1 573 754 |
(% of GDP) | 120.3 | 116.8 | 111.6 | 107.7 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 28 839 | 28 579 | 27 914 | 27 026 |
(% of GDP) | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.8 | |
France | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 2 317 832 | 2 502 118 | 2 639 092 | 2 803 101 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -207 084 | -165 149 | -125 774 | -153 952 |
(% of GDP) | -8.9 | -6.6 | -4.8 | -5.5 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 61.7 | 59.6 | 58.8 | 57.3 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 52.8 | 53.0 | 54.0 | 51.9 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 2 662 105 | 2 826 726 | 2 953 624 | 3 101 443 |
(% of GDP) | 114.9 | 113.0 | 111.9 | 110.6 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 49 389 | 48 945 | 47 804 | 46 284 |
(% of GDP) | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | |
Croatia | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 50 973 | 58 850 | 68 373 | 76 472 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -3 687 | -1 486 | 88 | -528 |
(% of GDP) | -7.2 | -2.5 | 0.1 | -0.7 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 53.3 | 47.7 | 44.4 | 47.4 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 46.0 | 45.2 | 44.5 | 46.7 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 43 882 | 45 629 | 46 346 | 48 191 |
(% of GDP) | 86.1 | 77.5 | 67.8 | 63.0 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Italy | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 1 661 240 | 1 821 935 | 1 962 846 | 2 085 376 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -155 845 | -159 169 | -167 958 | -154 124 |
(% of GDP) | -9.4 | -8.7 | -8.6 | -7.4 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 56.8 | 56.3 | 56.3 | 55.2 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 47.4 | 47.5 | 47.7 | 47.8 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 2 574 153 | 2 680 558 | 2 758 225 | 2 863 438 |
(% of GDP) | 155.0 | 147.1 | 140.5 | 137.3 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 43 385 | 42 994 | 41 992 | 40 656 |
(% of GDP) | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.9 | |
Cyprus | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 22 087 | 24 928 | 27 777 | 29 807 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 252 | -455 | 758 | 919 |
(% of GDP) | -5.7 | -1.8 | 2.7 | 3.1 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 44.2 | 41.9 | 38.8 | 40.2 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 38.6 | 40.1 | 41.5 | 43.3 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 25 384 | 24 741 | 23 776 | 23 036 |
(% of GDP) | 114.9 | 99.3 | 85.6 | 77.3 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 333 | 329 | 318 | 303 |
(% of GDP) | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | |
Latvia | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 30 109 | 33 349 | 38 386 | 40 348 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 319 | -2 396 | -1 779 | -893 |
(% of GDP) | -4.4 | -7.2 | -4.6 | -2.2 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 42.4 | 44.7 | 40.9 | 41.0 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 38.0 | 37.5 | 36.3 | 38.7 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 12 869 | 14 809 | 16 039 | 17 581 |
(% of GDP) | 42.7 | 44.4 | 41.8 | 43.6 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Lithuania | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 49 873 | 56 478 | 67 437 | 71 986 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -3 237 | -648 | -398 | -573 |
(% of GDP) | -6.5 | -1.1 | -0.6 | -0.8 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 42.7 | 37.4 | 36.3 | 38.2 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 36.2 | 36.3 | 35.7 | 37.4 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 23 062 | 24 535 | 25 672 | 27 558 |
(% of GDP) | 46.2 | 43.4 | 38.1 | 38.3 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Luxembourg | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 64 524 | 72 361 | 77 529 | 79 310 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -2 206 | 391 | -271 | -993 |
(% of GDP) | -3.4 | 0.5 | -0.3 | -1.3 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 47.0 | 42.8 | 43.9 | 48.1 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.5 | 43.4 | 43.5 | 46.8 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 15 876 | 17 731 | 19 176 | 20 358 |
(% of GDP) | 24.6 | 24.5 | 24.7 | 25.7 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 645 | 640 | 626 | 607 |
(% of GDP) | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Hungary | |||||
GDP mp | (million HUF) | 48 444 474 | 55 204 977 | 65 951 746 | 74 992 045 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million HUF) | -3 662 368 | -3 950 002 | -4 107 553 | -5 018 460 |
(% of GDP) | -7.6 | -7.2 | -6.2 | -6.7 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 51.4 | 48.4 | 48.9 | 49.1 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.8 | 41.2 | 42.7 | 42.4 |
Government debt | (million HUF) | 38 392 928 | 42 335 950 | 48 841 865 | 55 134 432 |
(% of GDP) | 79.3 | 76.7 | 74.1 | 73.5 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million HUF) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Malta | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 13 351 | 15 323 | 17 432 | 19 382 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -1 253 | -1 166 | -965 | -950 |
(% of GDP) | -9.4 | -7.6 | -5.5 | -4.9 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 45.1 | 42.8 | 39.4 | 38.4 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 35.7 | 35.1 | 33.9 | 33.4 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 6 974 | 8 263 | 9 000 | 9 768 |
(% of GDP) | 52.2 | 53.9 | 51.6 | 50.4 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 219 | 217 | 212 | 205 |
(% of GDP) | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | |
Netherlands | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 796 530 | 870 587 | 958 549 | 1 034 086 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -29 588 | -19 466 | -898 | -3 549 |
(% of GDP) | -3.7 | -2.2 | -0.1 | -0.3 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 47.8 | 46.0 | 43.5 | 43.5 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 44.1 | 43.7 | 43.4 | 43.1 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 435 475 | 449 659 | 480 548 | 480 671 |
(% of GDP) | 54.7 | 51.7 | 50.1 | 46.5 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 13 850 | 13 726 | 13 406 | 12 980 |
(% of GDP) | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | |
Austria | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 380 888 | 405 241 | 447 218 | 477 249 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -30 437 | -23 380 | -14 638 | -12 671 |
(% of GDP) | -8.0 | -5.8 | -3.3 | -2.7 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 56.8 | 56.2 | 53.0 | 52.1 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 48.8 | 50.4 | 49.7 | 49.5 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 315 939 | 334 284 | 350 693 | 371 143 |
(% of GDP) | 82.9 | 82.5 | 78.4 | 77.8 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 6 743 | 6 683 | 6 527 | 6 319 |
(% of GDP) | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.3 | |
Poland | |||||
GDP mp | (million PLN) | 2 337 672 | 2 631 302 | 3 074 798 | 3 410 137 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million PLN) | -162 106 | -48 242 | -105 890 | -173 832 |
(% of GDP) | -6.9 | -1.8 | -3.4 | -5.1 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 48.2 | 44.1 | 43.6 | 46.7 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 41.3 | 42.3 | 40.2 | 41.6 |
Government debt | (million PLN) | 1 337 039 | 1 410 961 | 1 512 773 | 1 691 148 |
(% of GDP) | 57.2 | 53.6 | 49.2 | 49.6 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million PLN) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Portugal | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 200 519 | 216 053 | 242 341 | 265 503 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -11 669 | -6 215 | -779 | 3 194 |
(% of GDP) | -5.8 | -2.9 | -0.3 | 1.2 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 49.2 | 47.5 | 44.1 | 42.3 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.4 | 44.6 | 43.8 | 43.5 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 270 495 | 269 089 | 272 427 | 263 085 |
(% of GDP) | 134.9 | 124.5 | 112.4 | 99.1 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 1 101 | 1 054 | 953 | 852 |
(% of GDP) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |
Romania | |||||
GDP mp | (million RON) | 1 066 781 | 1 189 090 | 1 401 345 | 1 605 591 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million RON) | -98 866 | -85 082 | -88 620 | -106 568 |
(% of GDP) | -9.3 | -7.2 | -6.3 | -6.6 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 41.8 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.2 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 32.5 | 32.9 | 33.7 | 33.6 |
Government debt | (million RON) | 498 571 | 576 339 | 665 491 | 783 532 |
(% of GDP) | 46.7 | 48.5 | 47.5 | 48.8 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million RON) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Slovenia | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 47 045 | 52 279 | 57 038 | 63 090 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -3 597 | -2 396 | -1 701 | -1 552 |
(% of GDP) | -7.6 | -4.6 | -3.0 | -2.5 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 51.4 | 49.5 | 47.2 | 46.7 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 43.7 | 44.9 | 44.2 | 44.2 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 37 424 | 38 879 | 41 339 | 43 670 |
(% of GDP) | 79.6 | 74.4 | 72.5 | 69.2 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 1 142 | 1 131 | 1 105 | 1 070 |
(% of GDP) | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.7 | |
Slovakia | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 93 450 | 100 245 | 109 762 | 122 813 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -4 999 | -5 195 | -1 836 | -6 010 |
(% of GDP) | -5.3 | -5.2 | -1.7 | -4.9 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 44.7 | 45.3 | 42.4 | 47.9 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 39.4 | 40.2 | 40.7 | 43.0 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 54 993 | 61 238 | 63 379 | 68 830 |
(% of GDP) | 58.8 | 61.1 | 57.7 | 56.0 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 1 859 | 1 859 | 1 859 | 1 841 |
(% of GDP) | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | |
Finland | |||||
GDP mp | (million euro) | 238 038 | 250 664 | 267 687 | 277 625 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million euro) | -13 260 | -7 030 | -973 | -7 420 |
(% of GDP) | -5.6 | -2.8 | -0.4 | -2.7 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 57.2 | 55.8 | 53.4 | 55.6 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 51.6 | 53.0 | 53.0 | 52.9 |
Government debt | (million euro) | 177 906 | 181 944 | 196 781 | 210 525 |
(% of GDP) | 74.7 | 72.6 | 73.5 | 75.8 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million euro) | 4 354 | 4 315 | 4 215 | 4 081 |
(% of GDP) | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | |
Sweden | |||||
GDP mp | (million SEK) | 5 038 538 | 5 486 558 | 5 971 551 | 6 294 666 |
Government deficit (-) / surplus (+) | (million SEK) | -142 131 | 219 | 70 560 | -40 361 |
(% of GDP) | -2.8 | 0.0 | 1.2 | -0.6 | |
Government expenditure | (% of GDP) | 52.1 | 49.2 | 47.6 | 48.0 |
Government revenue | (% of GDP) | 49.3 | 49.2 | 48.8 | 47.4 |
Government debt | (million SEK) | 2 024 051 | 2 012 914 | 1 979 789 | 1 965 911 |
(% of GDP) | 40.2 | 36.7 | 33.2 | 31.2 | |
memo: intergovernmental lending | (million SEK) | ||||
(% of GDP) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
1 While the surplus figure for Denmark for 2020 is correct, the figure for government expenditure is not included, as it is not aligned with the government deficit (-) / surplus (+). The difference reflects the recording of interest expenditure relating to repurchases of debt securities, in government deficit (-) / surplus (+) but not in government expenditure. | |||||
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Notes for users
Revisions and timetable
In the previous provision of data for the excessive deficit procedure, the 2022 government deficit for the euro area was 3.6% of GDP, for the EU it was 3.3%, and the government debt was 90.9% of GDP for the euro area and 83.5% for the EU. See News release of 23 October 2023.
Methods and definitions
According to Article 14 (1) of Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009, Eurostat publishes the actual government deficit and debt data for the application of the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure, within three weeks after the reporting deadlines.
The Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the EC Treaty, defines government deficit (surplus) as the net borrowing (net lending) of the whole general government sector (central government, state government, local government and social security funds). It is calculated according to national accounts concepts (European System of Accounts, ESA 2010). Government debt (commonly known as Maastricht or EDP debt) is the consolidated gross debt of the whole general government sector outstanding at the end of the year (at nominal value).
Table of euro area and EU aggregates: the data are in euro. For those countries not belonging to the euro area, the rate of conversion into euro is as follows:
- for deficit / surplus and GDP data, the annual average exchange rate;
- for the stock of government debt, the end of year exchange rate.
Table of national data: the data are in national currencies.
Government expenditure and revenue are reported to Eurostat under the ESA 2010 transmission programme. They cover non-financial transactions of general government, and include both current and capital transactions. For definitions, see Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union.
Intergovernmental lending
For the purpose of proper consolidation of general government debt in European aggregates and to provide users with information, Eurostat is collecting and publishing data on government loans to other EU governments, including those made through the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). For the years 2020 to 2023 the intergovernmental lending figures relate mainly to lending to Greece, Ireland and Portugal.
Valuation of debt instruments
In co-operation with the Member States, Eurostat is reviewing the statistical recording of deferred interest on EFSF loans, for EDP purposes.
Reservations and amendments
The term “reservations” is defined in article 15 (1) of Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009. The Commission (Eurostat) expresses reservations when it has doubts on the quality of the reported data.
According to Article 15 (2) of Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009, the Commission (Eurostat) may amend actual data reported by Member States and provide the amended data and a justification of the amendment where there is evidence that actual data reported by Member States do not comply with the quality requirements (compliance with accounting rules, completeness, reliability, timeliness and consistency of statistical data).
Geographical information
Euro area (EA20): Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland.
European Union (EU27): Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden.
For more information
For further information on the methodology of statistics reported under the excessive deficit procedure, please see the Eurostat publication "Manual on Government Deficit and Debt - Implementation of ESA 2010 - 2022 edition", published in February 2023.
Note on main revisions: Eurostat publishes on its website a note containing specific explanations of the largest revisions in deficit and debt for 2020-2022 between the October 2023 and April 2024 notifications, as well as in GDP.
Background note and supplementary tables on government interventions to support financial institutions: Eurostat publishes supplementary tables by Member State on the impact of the government support to financial institutions on its website. Eurostat also publishes a background note providing further information on the supplementary tables, including summary tables for the EU and the euro area. Table 2 of the background note shows government deficit/surplus data for 2022 and 2023 excluding the impacts of government interventions to support financial institutions. It should be noted that this adjusted measure of government deficit/surplus is only intended to be an improvement in the presentation of data for users.
Stock of liabilities of trade credits and advances: Eurostat publishes on its website, as complementary information on government liabilities, data on trade credits and advances, as reported by Member States for the years 2020 to 2023. According to Council Regulation (EC) 479/2009, the liabilities in trade credits and advances of government units are not part of EDP debt.
Stock-flow adjustment: Eurostat also publishes a note on the stock-flow adjustment which presents the contribution of deficit/surplus as well as other relevant factors to the variation in the debt level.
Eurostat will also be releasing information on the underlying government sector accounts on the government finance and EDP statistics section on its website.
